Indexing, Slicing and Subsetting DataFrames in Python

Overview

Teaching: 30 min
Exercises: 30 min

Questions

How can I access specific data within my data set?

How can Python and Pandas help me to analyse my data?

Objectives

Describe what 0-based indexing is.

Manipulate and extract data using column headings and index locations.

Employ slicing to select sets of data from a DataFrame.

Employ label and integer-based indexing to select ranges of data in a dataframe.

Reassign values within subsets of a DataFrame.

Create a copy of a DataFrame.

Query / select a subset of data using a set of criteria using the following operators: ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=.

Locate subsets of data using masks.

Describe BOOLEAN objects in Python and manipulate data using BOOLEANs.

In the first episode of this lesson, we read a CSV file into a pandas’ DataFrame. We learned how to:

save a DataFrame to a named object,
perform basic math on data,
calculate summary statistics, and
create plots based on the data we loaded into pandas.

In this lesson, we will explore ways to access different parts of the data using:

indexing,
slicing, and
subsetting.

Loading our data

We will continue to use the surveys dataset that we worked with in the last episode. Let’s reopen and read in the data again:

# Make sure pandas is loaded
import pandas as pd

# Read in the survey CSV
surveys_df = pd.read_csv("data/surveys.csv")

Indexing and Slicing in Python

We often want to work with subsets of a DataFrame object. There are different ways to accomplish this including: using labels (column headings), numeric ranges, or specific x,y index locations.

Selecting data using Labels (Column Headings)

We use square brackets [] to select a subset of a Python object. For example, we can select all data from a column named species_id from the surveys_df DataFrame by name. There are two ways to do this:

# TIP: use the .head() method we saw earlier to make output shorter
# Method 1: select a 'subset' of the data using the column name
surveys_df['species_id']

# Method 2: use the column name as an 'attribute'; gives the same output
surveys_df.species_id

We can also create a new object that contains only the data within the species_id column as follows:

# Creates an object, surveys_species, that only contains the `species_id` column
surveys_species = surveys_df['species_id']

We can pass a list of column names too, as an index to select columns in that order. This is useful when we need to reorganize our data.

NOTE: If a column name is not contained in the DataFrame, an exception (error) will be raised.

# Select the species and plot columns from the DataFrame
surveys_df[['species_id', 'plot_id']]

# What happens when you flip the order?
surveys_df[['plot_id', 'species_id']]

# What happens if you ask for a column that doesn't exist?
surveys_df['speciess']

Python tells us what type of error it is in the traceback, at the bottom it says KeyError: 'speciess' which means that speciess is not a valid column name (nor a valid key in the related Python data type dictionary).

Reminder

The Python language and its modules (such as Pandas) define reserved words that should not be used as identifiers when assigning objects and variable names. Examples of reserved words in Python include Boolean values True and False, operators and, or, and not, among others. The full list of reserved words for Python version 3 is provided at https://docs.python.org/3/reference/lexical_analysis.html#identifiers.

When naming objects and variables, it’s also important to avoid using the names of built-in data structures and methods. For example, a list is a built-in data type. It is possible to use the word ‘list’ as an identifier for a new object, for example list = ['apples', 'oranges', 'bananas']. However, you would then be unable to create an empty list using list() or convert a tuple to a list using list(sometuple).

Extracting Range based Subsets: Slicing

Reminder

Python uses 0-based indexing.

Let’s remind ourselves that Python uses 0-based indexing. This means that the first element in an object is located at position 0. This is different from other tools like R and Matlab that index elements within objects starting at 1.

# Create a list of numbers:
a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

indexing diagram slicing diagram

Challenge - Extracting data
What value does the code below return?
a[0]
How about this:
a[5]
In the example above, calling a[5] returns an error. Why is that?
What about?
a[len(a)]

Slicing Subsets of Rows in Python

Slicing using the [] operator selects a set of rows and/or columns from a DataFrame. To slice out a set of rows, you use the following syntax: data[start:stop]. When slicing in pandas the start bound is included in the output. The stop bound is one step BEYOND the row you want to select. So if you want to select rows 0, 1 and 2 your code would look like this:

# Select rows 0, 1, 2 (row 3 is not selected)
surveys_df[0:3]

The stop bound in Python is different from what you might be used to in languages like Matlab and R.

# Select the first 5 rows (rows 0, 1, 2, 3, 4)
surveys_df[:5]

# Select the last element in the list
# (the slice starts at the last element, and ends at the end of the list)
surveys_df[-1:]

We can also reassign values within subsets of our DataFrame.

But before we do that, let’s look at the difference between the concept of copying objects and the concept of referencing objects in Python.

Copying Objects vs Referencing Objects in Python

Let’s start with an example:

# Using the 'copy() method'
true_copy_surveys_df = surveys_df.copy()

# Using the '=' operator
ref_surveys_df = surveys_df

You might think that the code ref_surveys_df = surveys_df creates a fresh distinct copy of the surveys_df DataFrame object. However, using the = operator in the simple statement y = x does not create a copy of our DataFrame. Instead, y = x creates a new variable y that references the same object that x refers to. To state this another way, there is only one object (the DataFrame), and both x and y refer to it.

In contrast, the copy() method for a DataFrame creates a true copy of the DataFrame.

Let’s look at what happens when we reassign the values within a subset of the DataFrame that references another DataFrame object:

# Assign the value `0` to the first three rows of data in the DataFrame
ref_surveys_df[0:3] = 0

Let’s try the following code:

# ref_surveys_df was created using the '=' operator
ref_surveys_df.head()

# true_copy_surveys_df was created using the copy() function
true_copy_surveys_df.head()

# surveys_df is the original dataframe
surveys_df.head()

What is the difference between these three dataframes?

When we assigned the first 3 rows the value of 0 using the ref_surveys_df DataFrame, the surveys_df DataFrame is modified too. Remember we created the reference ref_surveys_df object above when we did ref_surveys_df = surveys_df. Remember surveys_df and ref_surveys_df refer to the same exact DataFrame object. If either one changes the object, the other will see the same changes to the reference object.

However - true_copy_surveys_df was created via the copy() function. It retains the original values for the first three rows.

To review and recap:

Copy uses the dataframe’s copy() method

true_copy_surveys_df = surveys_df.copy()

A Reference is created using the = operator
```
ref_surveys_df = surveys_df
```

Okay, that’s enough of that. Let’s create a brand new clean dataframe from the original data CSV file.

surveys_df = pd.read_csv("data/surveys.csv")

Slicing Subsets of Rows and Columns in Python

We can select specific ranges of our data in both the row and column directions using either label or integer-based indexing.

loc is primarily label based indexing. Integers may be used but they are interpreted as a label.
iloc is primarily integer based indexing

To select a subset of rows and columns from our DataFrame, we can use the iloc method. For example, we can select month, day and year (columns 2, 3 and 4 if we start counting at 1), like this:

# iloc[row slicing, column slicing]
surveys_df.iloc[0:3, 1:4]

which gives the output

   month  day  year
    7   16  1977
    7   16  1977
    7   16  1977

Notice that we asked for a slice from 0:3. This yielded 3 rows of data. When you ask for 0:3, you are actually telling Python to start at index 0 and select rows 0, 1, 2 up to but not including 3.

Let’s explore some other ways to index and select subsets of data:

# Select all columns for rows of index values 0 and 10
surveys_df.loc[[0, 10], :]

# What does this do?
surveys_df.loc[0, ['species_id', 'plot_id', 'weight']]

# What happens when you type the code below?
surveys_df.loc[[0, 10, 35549], :]

NOTE: Labels must be found in the DataFrame or you will get a KeyError.

Indexing by labels loc differs from indexing by integers iloc. With loc, both the start bound and the stop bound are inclusive. When using loc, integers can be used, but the integers refer to the index label and not the position. For example, using loc and select 1:4 will get a different result than using iloc to select rows 1:4.

We can also select a specific data value using a row and column location within the DataFrame and iloc indexing:

# Syntax for iloc indexing to finding a specific data element
dat.iloc[row, column]

In this iloc example,

surveys_df.iloc[2, 6]

gives the output

'F'

Remember that Python indexing begins at 0. So, the index location [2, 6] selects the element that is 3 rows down and 7 columns over in the DataFrame.

It is worth noting that rows are selected when using loc with a single list of labels (or iloc with a single list of integers). However, unlike loc or iloc, indexing a data frame directly with labels will select columns (e.g. surveys_df['species_id', 'plot_id', 'weight']), while ranges of integers will select rows (e.g. surveys_df[0:13]). Direct indexing of rows is redundant with using iloc, and will raise a KeyError if a single integer or list is used; the error will also occur if index labels are used without loc (or column labels used with it). A useful rule of thumb is the following: integer-based slicing is best done with iloc and will avoid errors (and is generally consistent with indexing of Numpy arrays), label-based slicing of rows is done with loc, and slicing of columns by directly indexing column names.

Challenge - Range

What happens when you execute:

surveys_df[0:1]

surveys_df[0]

surveys_df[:4]

surveys_df[:-1]

What happens when you call:

surveys_df.iloc[0:1]

surveys_df.iloc[0]

surveys_df.iloc[:4, :]

surveys_df.iloc[0:4, 1:4]

surveys_df.loc[0:4, 1:4]

How are the last two commands different?

Subsetting Data using Criteria

We can also select a subset of our data using criteria. For example, we can select all rows that have a year value of 2002:

surveys_df[surveys_df.year == 2002]

Which produces the following output:

record_id  month  day  year  plot_id species_id  sex  hindfoot_length  weight
    33321      1   12  2002        1         DM    M     38      44
    33322      1   12  2002        1         DO    M     37      58
    33323      1   12  2002        1         PB    M     28      45
    33324      1   12  2002        1         AB  NaN    NaN     NaN
    33325      1   12  2002        1         DO    M     35      29
...
    35545     12   31  2002       15         AH  NaN    NaN     NaN
    35546     12   31  2002       15         AH  NaN    NaN     NaN
    35547     12   31  2002       10         RM    F     15      14
    35548     12   31  2002        7         DO    M     36      51
    35549     12   31  2002        5        NaN  NaN    NaN     NaN

[2229 rows x 9 columns]

Or we can select all rows that do not contain the year 2002:

surveys_df[surveys_df.year != 2002]

We can define sets of criteria too:

surveys_df[(surveys_df.year >= 1980) & (surveys_df.year <= 1985)]

Python Syntax Cheat Sheet

We can use the syntax below when querying data by criteria from a DataFrame. Experiment with selecting various subsets of the “surveys” data.

Equals: ==
Not equals: !=
Greater than, less than: > or <
Greater than or equal to >=
Less than or equal to <=

Challenge - Queries
Select a subset of rows in the surveys_df DataFrame that contain data from the year 1999 and that contain weight values less than or equal to 8. How many rows did you end up with? What did your neighbor get?
You can use the isin command in Python to query a DataFrame based upon a list of values as follows:
surveys_df[surveys_df['species_id'].isin([listGoesHere])]
Use the isin function to find all plots that contain particular species in the “surveys” DataFrame. How many records contain these values?

Experiment with other queries. Create a query that finds all rows with a weight value > or equal to 0.

The ~ symbol in Python can be used to return the OPPOSITE of the selection that you specify in Python. It is equivalent to is not in. Write a query that selects all rows with sex NOT equal to ‘M’ or ‘F’ in the “surveys” data.

Using masks to identify a specific condition

A mask can be useful to locate where a particular subset of values exist or don’t exist - for example, NaN, or “Not a Number” values. To understand masks, we also need to understand BOOLEAN objects in Python.

Boolean values include True or False. For example,

# Set x to 5
x = 5

# What does the code below return?
x > 5

# How about this?
x == 5

When we ask Python whether x is greater than 5, it returns False. This is Python’s way to say “No”. Indeed, the value of x is 5, and 5 is not greater than 5.

To create a boolean mask:

Set the True / False criteria (e.g. values > 5 = True)
Python will then assess each value in the object to determine whether the value meets the criteria (True) or not (False).
Python creates an output object that is the same shape as the original object, but with a True or False value for each index location.

Let’s try this out. Let’s identify all locations in the survey data that have null (missing or NaN) data values. We can use the isnull method to do this. The isnull method will compare each cell with a null value. If an element has a null value, it will be assigned a value of True in the output object.

pd.isnull(surveys_df)

A snippet of the output is below:

      record_id  month    day   year plot_id species_id    sex  hindfoot_length weight
       False  False  False  False   False      False  False   False      True
       False  False  False  False   False      False  False   False      True
       False  False  False  False   False      False  False   False      True
       False  False  False  False   False      False  False   False      True
       False  False  False  False   False      False  False   False      True

[35549 rows x 9 columns]

To select the rows where there are null values, we can use the mask as an index to subset our data as follows:

# To select just the rows with NaN values, we can use the 'any()' method
surveys_df[pd.isnull(surveys_df).any(axis=1)]

Note that the weight column of our DataFrame contains many null or NaN values.

We can run isnull on a particular column too. What does the code below do?

# What does this do?
empty_weights = surveys_df[pd.isnull(surveys_df['weight'])]['weight']
print(empty_weights)

Let’s take a minute to look at the statement above. We are using the Boolean object pd.isnull(surveys_df['weight']) as an index to surveys_df. We are asking Python to select rows that have a NaN value of weight.

Challenge - Putting it all together

Create a new DataFrame that only contains observations with sex values that are not female or male. Print the number of rows in this new DataFrame. Verify the result by comparing the number of rows in the new DataFrame with the number of rows in the surveys DataFrame where sex is null.

Create a new DataFrame that contains only observations that are of sex male or female and where weight values are greater than 0. Create a stacked bar plot of average weight by plot with male vs female values stacked for each plot.

Key Points

In Python, portions of data can be accessed using indices, slices, column headings, and condition-based subsetting.

Python uses 0-based indexing, in which the first element in a list, tuple or any other data structure has an index of 0.

Pandas enables common data exploration steps such as data indexing, slicing and conditional subsetting.

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Data Analysis and Visualization in Python for Ecologists

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Indexing, Slicing and Subsetting DataFrames in Python

Overview

Loading our data

Indexing and Slicing in Python

Selecting data using Labels (Column Headings)

Reminder

Extracting Range based Subsets: Slicing

Reminder

Challenge - Extracting data

Slicing Subsets of Rows in Python

Copying Objects vs Referencing Objects in Python

Slicing Subsets of Rows and Columns in Python

Challenge - Range

Subsetting Data using Criteria

Python Syntax Cheat Sheet

Challenge - Queries

Using masks to identify a specific condition

Challenge - Putting it all together

Key Points

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